The objective of this research was to analyze, from a theoretical perspective, the impact of environmental factors on the neurodevelopment of premature newborns hospitalized in neonatal units of Latin American hospitals during the period 2019 2025. Regarding the methodology, a qualitative approach was adopted, with a theoretical-documentary design, supported by a systematic and critical review of scientific literature published between 2019 and 2025. Academic sources from specialized databases in neonatology, neurodevelopment, and hospital environments were analyzed, prioritizing Latin American studies. The thematic categorization allowed for the identification of key environmental factors and their relationship with physiological and neurobehavioral responses in premature neonates. As conclusions, it was found that the most influential environmental factors in neonatal neurodevelopment include excessive noise, constant lighting, invasive handling, and prolonged maternal separation. These elements generate stress responses that affect brain maturation and adaptive behavior in premature infants. The theoretical evidence consulted supports the need for interventions that promote a sensory controlled and humanized environment, based on models such as Developmental Care and Attachment Theory. It was thus confirmed that the neonatal environment is a critical factor for early neurological development, and its optimization should be a priority in hospital policies across Latin America.